MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES- 3
HALLUCINATION | ILLUSION |
False perception | Merely misperception |
Originates internally | Originated externally |
Associated with a mental disorder | Not associated with a mental disorder |
Reacts on internal stimuli | Reacts to external stimuli |
Experienced personally and uniquely | Experienced universally |
PHOBIA | FEAR |
An illness | An emotion |
Unnecessary condition | Necessary for humans |
Long term illness | Temporary |
Excessive fear to specific object/event | Natural response to an event/object |
Perceived threats | Danger is real |
Needs treatment | Goes with time |
ANXIETY: Cannot specify danger (I’m anxious about parents health) PHOBIA TYPES
PANIC ATTACK | ANXIETY ATTACK |
Usually occurs unexpectedly | Usually has specific triggers |
Sudden and extremely disruptive | Normally builds in intensity |
Usually more intense physical symptoms | Can be mild, moderate, or severe |
Triggered by the body’s “flight” or “fight” response | Focused on specific stressors themselves |
Usually extended over a longer period of time | Usually quick and more intense |
Symptoms include muscle tension, disturbed sleep, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, restlessness, etc. | Symptoms include: shaking, chest pain, discomfort, heart palpitations, fear of dying/losing control, feeling of choking, etc. |
INSOMNIA | SLEEPLESSNESS |
Difficulty falling asleep at night | Inability to sleep at times |
Prolonged state | Shorter duration |
Non restorative sleep | Sleeping is comparatively peaceful |
Waking up during the night | Not able to fall asleep |
Fatigue | Low energy |
Needs medical intervention | Doesn’t need medical help |
Problem arises at work or school |
COUNSELLING | PSYCHOTHERAPY |
Short term process | Long term process |
Secondary process | Primary process |
Address issues in less-depth | Address issues in a very deep manner |
Support to perform day-to-day activities in a normal and efficient manner | Uncover the foundation of the problem and address it in the most efficient manner |
Helps in prevention, facilitating communication, increasing awareness of one’s own rational style. | Helps in cure/care, autonomy. |
Client find solutions by themselves | Dependent on psychotherapist |
Focus on present problems and situations | Focus on chronic or recurrent problems |
Focuses on assisting a person to change | Focuses on causing change |
Deals with people having poor coping and decision making skill | Deals people with mental dysfunction |
Specific situations or behaviors | Overall patterns, big picture-oriented |
Action and behavior focused | Feeling and experience focused |
Talk therapy | May include testing (such as personality, intelligence), talk therapy, other therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy |
Freud | Adler |
Freud is an Austrian neurologist. | Adler is more of a medical doctor and psychotherapist. |
Causality | Teleology |
Firstborn | Secondborn |
Women were a mystery | Feminist |
Attached to mother | More social with peers |
Married to submissive | Married a feminist |
Man is motivated by sex and aggression. | Man is motivated by social influences and striving for superiority. |
Freud, on the fragmented view of an individual’s ego, superego, and id principles | Adler stresses more on understanding the person as a whole being |
Present behavior is caused by the past. | Present behavior is shaped by the future. |
People have no choice in shaping their personalities. | People are largely responsible for who they are. |
Emphasizes on the unconscious. | People are aware of what they are doing and why. |